History of Nitschke Mounds Parks

The park preserves an important pre-historic Native American archaeological site, referred to as the Nitschke Mound Group. Records of the first official investigation of the Nitschke Mound Group by archeologists dates back to 1892. Further exploration, mapping and documentation was done in 1927 by W.C. McKern, an archeologist with the Milwaukee Public Museum. At that time the group consisted of 62 identified mounds. It is believed that this mound group may have originally contained as many as 100 mounds. Forty-six of the identified mounds in the group were on what is now the park property. However, primarily due to cultivation it is believed that about ten of those mounds have since been destroyed. The effigy mounds were believed to have been constructed between 800 AD and 1200 AD by the Late Woodland Culture, otherwise known as the Effigy Mound Builders. Most of the existing mounds at Nitschke Mounds County Park have been cleared of brush and trees for preservation and better viewing. Using mostly volunteer help, clearing brush and downed trees from the mounds was started in 2003 and has continued. Interpretative signs in the park help provide some understanding and education about the mounds.

The Effigy Mound Builders

The Effigy Mound Builders were located primarily in southern Wisconsin and adjacent areas of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. The Effigy Mound Builders adopted the use of the bow and arrow, stone tools and also grew corn. Pottery was also an important part of their culture. A garden bed was also identified on the property near the springs. A possible pre-historic encampment or village site is believed to have been associated with the garden beds, but no solid evidence has yet been discovered.

The Effigy Mound Building culture is distinguished most by the existence of numerous mounds. Many of these mounds were shaped to resemble birds and mammals. The Nitschke Mound group also contains linear and conical (round) shaped mounds.

The mounds were constructed for a variety of purposes. Many were constructed for burial purposes while others may have been built to represent religious spirits or the supernatural world. Some shapes may be linked to various clans, used as symbols, travel guides or resource markers. The truth is, no one really knows what the mounds shapes meant to those who made them.

The Mound Shapes

Many mounds groups, such as the Nitschke Mounds, contain a variety of shapes with varying sizes, two exceeding 200 feet in length are found in the Nitschke group. It is believed that most effigy mounds fall into three classes corresponding to the three natural realms - air, earth and water.

The cosmology of many Midwest Native American tribes consider these realms in terms of the upper world (air) and lower world (earth and water). Some of the prominent shapes in this particular grouping include turtles, panthers, canines, buffalo (bear), deer and birds. Long-tailed effigies, such as turtle and panther mounds are believed to be representations of powerful (lower world) water spirit-beings.

Often times they are oriented toward a spring or water source. Turtle mound #1 appears oriented toward the springs southeast of the park on the south side of HWY E. Canines, buffalo (bear), deer and other legged animal effigies are associated with the (lower world) earth. Spirit beings and birds are classified in the upper world (air).

The water spirit effigies tend to be more common in this part of the state, however, mound groups usually contain effigies from all spirited realms signifying an attempt to be in balance and harmony with the natural world.